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Professional & statistics for FRCS (Plast)

Professional, ethics and statistics covers the non-technical knowledge every consultant needs. Consent is examined through the Montgomery judgment and GMC guidance on decision making and consent, including capacity and consent in children and young people. Ethics covers the core principles, confidentiality and the duty of candour. Medical law covers negligence and capacity legislation, which differs between England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Statistics and evidence cover study design, levels of evidence, hypothesis testing, choice of statistical test, sensitivity and specificity, and measures of effect such as number needed to treat. Clinical governance and leadership cover audit, research and service evaluation, incident reporting and Never Events. These questions are short and precise, and a modest amount of focused revision secures them.

40 questions in the bank · 5 topics Updated 3 October 2026

Topics in this domain

  • Consent10
  • Ethics6
  • Medical law6
  • Statistics & evidence12
  • Clinical governance & leadership6

What the paper tends to test

  • Expect consent questions that apply Montgomery: what a reasonable person in the patient’s position, or this patient, would want to know about material risks and alternatives.
  • The paper tends to test capacity and consent in young people, including Gillick competence.
  • Expect statistics questions that need a short calculation — sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, number needed to treat — or the right test for a given type of data.
  • Governance questions usually ask you to distinguish audit from research and service evaluation, or to choose the correct response to an incident.
  • Expect questions on the duty of candour after an adverse event.

Classic traps and discriminators

  • Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board (2015) replaced the Bolam test for disclosure of risk with a patient-centred test of materiality; Bolam, as qualified by Bolitho, still governs the standard of treatment.
  • Positive and negative predictive values depend on prevalence; sensitivity and specificity do not.
  • Number needed to treat is the reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction, not the relative risk reduction.
  • Capacity is presumed in adults and is decision-specific; an unwise decision is not, on its own, evidence of incapacity.
  • Audit measures practice against an existing standard and does not need research ethics approval; research generates new knowledge and does.

Free professional & statistics practice question

From the free sample — original, referenced, with the full explanation. Rate your confidence first.

medium

A 54-year-old television presenter is consented for a SMAS facelift. The surgeon's practice is to omit permanent facial nerve weakness from the discussion because his own incidence is well below 1% and he judges it too rare to mention.

Which statement best describes his obligation regarding this risk?

How sure are you?

Professional & statistics questions, answered

What did Montgomery change about consent?

It replaced the doctor-centred Bolam test for disclosure with a patient-centred one: you must tell patients about material risks and reasonable alternatives, judged by what a reasonable person in their position, or this patient, would want to know.

Do I need to calculate statistics in Section 1?

Expect some short calculations, such as sensitivity, specificity, predictive values or number needed to treat, as well as questions on choosing the right test or study design. Working from a 2×2 table covers most of them.

Does capacity law differ across the UK?

Yes. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 applies in England and Wales, the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 in Scotland, and the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 in Northern Ireland. The core principles, such as the presumption of capacity, are broadly shared.

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