Keystone perforator island flap

Radial forearm flap

The radial forearm fasciocutaneous flap in three stages: marking and exposing the radial artery at the wrist, raising the paddle with its fascia and dissecting the pedicle proximally, and the harvested free flap with the radial artery, venae comitantes, cephalic vein and palmaris longus.

Brachial plexus

The brachial plexus from roots to terminal branches: C5–T1 roots, the upper, middle and lower trunks, anterior and posterior divisions, the lateral, posterior and medial cords, and the nerves each gives off.

DIEP flap

A deep inferior epigastric perforator flap: lower-abdominal skin and fat carried on perforators of the deep inferior epigastric vessels, with the pedicle dissected free of rectus abdominis — the standard autologous breast reconstruction.